Reading: Here students can find a research report by Donya-e Eqtesad that examines the reasons behind the inefficiency of Iran’s industrial structure, offering an analysis of three decades of deindustrialization in the country.
Listening: The first video for today is an 8-minute summary by Iran International covering the history of Iran’s oil industry over the past century. The second video, also from Iran International, presents recent economic news and analysis related to Iran’s oil sector and the broader international context surrounding it.
Subject of Conversation: Oil industry in Iran: what do we know about it? (صنعت نفت در ایران: در مورد آن چه می دانیم؟)
At the end of the class, a discussion will be conducted in Persian on the above-mentioned topic. Questions related to the history of the oil industry in Iran, its origins, the importance of the Iranian economy, and its vulnerabilities will be discussed in the classroom.
Homework:
- Please carefully read the full text of today’s article, study the vocabulary and translate the sections assigned by the instructor.
- Watch the second video from the Listening section in full. Locate the part where the expert responds to the question about the effectiveness of the “maximum pressure” policy under the Trump administration, and write down (transcribe) the expert’s answer.
- Prepare for the next day’s discussion.
Vocabulary (Reading):
| Persian Word | Transcription | English Translation |
| ناکارآمدی | nākārāmadi | inefficiency |
| صنعت‌زدایی | san‘atzodāyi | deindustrialization |
| بلندمدت | bolandmoddat | long-term |
| سبد | sabad | basket (e.g., of goods) |
| متناقض | motanāqez | contradictory |
| تولید ناخالص داخلی | toulid-e nāxāles-e dāxeli | gross domestic product (GDP) |
| کاهش یافتن | kāheš yāftan | to decrease, to decline |
| فناوری متوسط | fanāvari-ye motavasset | medium technology |
| فناوری بالا | fanāvari-ye bālā | high technology |
| رشد | rošd | growth |
| قیمت بازار | qeymat-e bāzār | market price |
| برخلاف | barxelāf-e | contrary to |
| توسعه‌یافته | touse‘eyāfte | developed |
| بلوغ اقتصادی | boluγ-e eqtesādi | economic maturity |
| خدمات (مفرد: خدمت) | xedamāt (sing. xedmat) | services |
| حرکت کردن | harakat kardan | to move |
| عبور | ‘obur | transition, crossing |
| صنعتی‌شدن | san‘ati šodan | industrialization |
| مواهب (مفرد: موهبه) | mavāheb (sing. mouhebe) | blessings, gifts |
| بی‌بهره ماندن | bibahre māndan | to be deprived, to not benefit |
| طبقه‌بندی | tabaqebandi | classification |
| سرانه | sarāne | here: per capita |
| ارزش‌افزوده صنعتی | arzešafzude-ye san‘ati | industrial value-added |
| آستانه | āstāne | threshold |
| درآمد | darāmad | income |
| ظرفیت | zarfiyyat | capacity |
| سطوح (مفرد: سطح) | sotuh (sing. sath) | levels |
| از منظر | az manzar-e | from the perspective of |
| رقابت‌پذیری | reqābatpaziri | competitiveness |
| هرچند | harčand | although |
| به بعد | be ba‘d | onwards, and beyond |
| رتبه | rotbe | rank |
| عملکرد رقابت‌پذیری صنعتی | ‘amalkard-e reqābatpaziri-ye san‘ati | competitive industrial performance (CIP) |
| تسریع | tasri‘ | acceleration |
| کند شدن | kond šodan | to slow down |
| ابعاد (مفرد: بعد) | ab‘ād (sing. bo‘d) | dimensions |
| مطلوب شدن | matlub šodan | to become desirable |
| ارزیابی | arzyābi | evaluation |
| نزولی | nozuli | declining |
| تعمیق | ta‘miq | deepening |
| کل ارزش‌افزوده | koll-e arzešafzude | total value added |
| کیفیت | keyfiyyat | quality |
| نفوذ صنعتی | nofuz-e san‘ati | industrial penetration |
| عملکرد | ‘amalkard | performance |
| شاخص | šāxes | index |
| رو به تکامل | ru be takāmol | evolving, advancing |
| متناسب | motanāseb | proportionate, appropriate |
Vocabulary (Listening, Video 1):
| Persian Word | Transcription | English Translation |
| ملی شدن | melli šodan | nationalization |
| تصویب کردن | tasvib kardan | to ratify, to approve |
| اکتشاف | ektešāf | discovery, exploration |
| روایت کردن | revāyat kardan | to narrate, to recount |
| اغشته | aγašte | soaked, smeared |
| قیر | γir | tar |
| آتش‌باران کردن | ātašbārān kardan | to shell, to bomb |
| بشر | bašar | humankind |
| حکم | hokm | verdict, ruling |
| امتیاز‌نامه | emtiyāznāme | concession document |
| امتیاز | emtiyāz | concession, privilege, monopoly |
| بهره‌برداری | bahrebardāri | exploitation, utilization |
| به استثنای | be estesnā-ye | except for |
| انگلیسی‌تبار | englisitabar | of English descent |
| واگذار کردن | vāgozār kardan | to transfer, to assign |
| جعبه | ja‘be | box |
| تأسیسات نفتی | ta’sisāt-e nafti | oil facilities |
| انقراض | enqerāz | extinction, end |
| نهضت | nehzat | movement (esp. political) |
| درگیری مسلحانه | dargiri-ye mosallahāne | armed conflict |
| وجه | vajh | aspect, means |
| لغو کردن | laγv kardan | to cancel, to annul |
| در مواردی | dar mavāredi | in some cases |
| به ضرر | be zarar-e | to the detriment of |
| اعتبار | e‘tebār | credibility, trust |
| تمدید شدن | tamdid šodan | to be extended |
| معادله | mo‘ādele | equation |
| قوا (مفرد: قوه) | qovā (sing. qovve) | forces, powers |
| به هم زدن | be ham zadan | to disrupt, to break apart |
| ابرقدرت | abarqodrat | superpower |
| استثماری | estesmāri | exploitative |
| زیر بار رفتن | zir-e bār raftan | to give in, to yield |
| شعار | šo‘ār | slogan |
| بر سر زبان‌ها افتادن | bar sar-e zabānhā oftādan | to become widely talked about |
| تکوین | takvin | formation, development |
| تسهیم | tashim | division, distribution |
| ادامه یافتن | edāme yāftan | to continue |
| اتکاء | ettekā’ | reliance |
| مستحکم کردن | mostahkam kardan | to strengthen |
| هدایت کردن | hedāyat kardan | to lead, to direct |
| پی‌درپی | pey dar pey | consecutively, repeatedly |
| گل گرفتن | gol gereftan | to flame up, to catch fire |
| جنگ داخلی | jang-e dāxeli | civil war |
| معجون | ma‘jun | mixture, concoction |
| سرمایه | sarmāye | capital (economic) |
| چه... چه | če ... če | whether ... or ... |
| نعمت | ne‘mat | blessing |
| مصیبت | mosibat | curse, disaster |
| تعصب | ta‘assob | fanaticism, intolerance |
| خشونت | xošunat | violence |
| جوگیر | javgir | easily swayed, carried away (by emotion/atmosphere) |
| هیجان‌زده | hayajānzade | excited, agitated |
| مردم‌سالاری | mardomsālāri | democracy (lit. rule of the people) |
| دشوار ساختن | došvār sāxtan | to make difficult |